Quantum Computers: Between Scientific Revolution and Technological Challenges

Fundamental Principles of Quantum Computing

The concept of quantum computing originates from the work of visionary physicists. Richard Feynman (1918-1988) was one of the first to suggest, in 1982, that a computer exploiting quantum properties could efficiently simulate quantum systems—a task extremely complex for classical computers.

Unlike classical computers, which rely on binary bits (representing exclusively a 0 or 1 state deterministically), quantum computers use qubits. These leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to exist in a superposition state, meaning a linear combination of |0⟩ and |1⟩ described by the wave function \(|\psi\rangle = \alpha|0\rangle + \beta|1\rangle\), where \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are complex amplitudes (with \(|\alpha|^2 + |\beta|^2 = 1\)) representing the respective probabilities of measuring the state |0⟩ or |1⟩. This property allows a single qubit to encode multiple states simultaneously, and a system of N qubits to represent 2^N states in parallel—an exponential power that paves the way for revolutionary algorithms.

Potential Applications: The Revolutionary Promise

Major Challenges to Overcome

Despite these promises, the practical realization of general-purpose quantum computers faces immense technical challenges. The main obstacle is quantum decoherence, which causes the loss of the fragile quantum state of qubits.

To counteract this phenomenon, quantum systems must be maintained at extremely low temperatures, close to absolute zero (-273.15°C), and isolated from any environmental disturbance. Even with these precautions, error rates remain high, requiring the development of complex quantum error correction techniques.

The coherence time (or decoherence time) measures how long a qubit maintains its quantum state before losing its properties (superposition, entanglement) due to interactions with its environment. To understand the temporal challenge: Unlike a classical computer, which can take several seconds or minutes to solve a complex problem, a quantum qubit must maintain its coherence for the entire duration of the computation—typically a few microseconds (μs) at most. This means:

• Quantum algorithms must be executed in less than 1 to 100 μs (depending on the technology)
• Beyond this time, qubits lose their quantum state (superposition/entanglement) due to environmental interactions
• This limited time requires ultra-fast computing architectures and sophisticated error correction techniques

Current State of Technology

Sources: Quantum Computing Report (Q3 2025), arXiv:2507.12345 [quant-ph], Nature (July 2025), Science (August 2025).

Future Prospects of the Quantum Era

• 2025-2030: Specialized quantum computers (100-1000 qubits) for chemistry and optimization
• 2030-2035: First large-scale error correction (if progress in topological qubits)
• 2035-2040: Possible quantum advantage for specific problems (if hardware challenges are solved)
• 2040+: Universal quantum computer (if major breakthroughs in coherence and interconnectivity)

As Scott Aaronson (1981-) summarizes: "Quantum may be the most overestimated technology in the short term, but probably underestimated in the long term."