fr en es pt
Astronomy
Asteroids and Comets Black Holes Children Chemical Elements Constellations Earth Eclipses Environment Equations Evolution Exoplanets Galaxies Light Matter Moons Nebulas Planets and Dwarf Planets Probes and Telescopes Scientists Stars Sun Universe Volcanoes Zodiac New Articles Shorts Archives Glossary
RSS astronoo
Follow me on X
Follow me on Bluesky
Follow me on Pinterest
English
Français
Español
Português
 


Last updated July 31, 2025

From Mariner to Perseverance: Successes and Failures of Mars Probes

Curiosity landing on Mars in 2012

A Conquest Fraught with Challenges

The exploration of Mars is marked by ambitious attempts, often crowned with success, but also by spectacular failures. The red planet, a privileged target of space agencies since the 1960s, has long been nicknamed the "graveyard of probes" due to the numerous initial failures. Out of nearly fifty missions, more than a third have failed, sometimes at launch, sometimes on approach to Mars, and others during landing. These failures have helped understand the complexities of Martian atmospheric entry, interplanetary communication delays, and the subtleties of orbital navigation.

A Succession of Technical Innovations

Since Mariner 4 in 1965, the first probe to transmit images of Mars, progress has been constant. The Viking missions of the 1970s demonstrated the feasibility of robotic landings. The Spirit and Opportunity rovers showed the robustness of mobile robots, while Curiosity perfected the sky crane landing. Finally, Perseverance represents the pinnacle of current Martian robotics, with its ability to collect samples and test in situ oxygen production thanks to the MOXIE experiment.

Comprehensive Catalog of Missions to Mars

All missions sent to Mars (orbiters, landers, rovers, penetrators)
MissionLaunch YearTypeCountry / AgencyStatusComments
Mars 11962FlybyUSSRPartialContact lost before flyby
Mariner 31964FlybyUSAFailureDefective shroud
Mariner 41964FlybyUSASuccessFirst close-up images
Mariner 6/71969FlybysUSASuccessAtmospheric photographs
Mariner 81971OrbiterUSAFailureLaunch failure
Mariner 91971OrbiterUSASuccess1st orbiter around Mars
Mars 21971Orbiter + landerUSSRPartial failureLander crashed
Mars 31971Orbiter + landerUSSRPartialLanding and 110 s transmission
Mars 4/5/6/71973Orbiter/landersUSSRMixedPartial orbiters, ineffective landers
Viking 1/21975Orbiter + landerUSASuccessBiological experiments, surface images
Phobos 11988OrbiterUSSRFailureLost en route
Phobos 21988OrbiterUSSRPartialOrbit insertion, contact lost before Phobos
Mars Observer1992OrbiterUSAFailureContact lost before insertion
Mars 961996Orbiter + landerRussiaFailureNever left Earth orbit
Mars Global Surveyor1996OrbiterUSASuccessDetailed mapping
Mars Pathfinder / Sojourner1996Lander + roverUSASuccessFirst rover on Mars
Nozomi (Planet-B)1998OrbiterJapanFailureNo orbital insertion
Mars Climate Orbiter1998OrbiterUSAFailureMetric/imperial unit error
Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 21999Lander + penetratorsUSAFailureContact lost at atmospheric entry
2001 Mars Odyssey2001OrbiterUSASuccessData reception >20 years
Mars Express / Beagle 22003Orbiter + landerESAOrbiter success, Beagle 2 partialLander not deployed
Spirit and Opportunity2003RoversUSASuccessDuration > 15 years combined
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter2005OrbiterUSASuccessData relay, imaging
Phoenix2007LanderUSASuccessDiscovery of polar ice, soil chemistry
Phobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-12011Sample returnRussia / ChinaFailureDid not leave Earth orbit
Curiosity (MSL)2011RoverUSASuccessChemical analysis, habitability
Mangalyaan / MOM2013OrbiterIndiaSuccessMapping, methane, spectroscopy
MAVEN2013OrbiterUSASuccessClimate, atmosphere
InSight2018LanderUSASuccessInterior study, seismic
Tianwen-1 / Zhurong2020Orbiter + Lander + RoverChinaSuccessRover + operational orbiter
Hope (Emirates Mars Mission)2020OrbiterUAESuccessGlobal climate study
Perseverance / Ingenuity2020Rover + HelicopterUSASuccessSamples, Ingenuity flight

Main sources: NASA mission chronology, IMEWG, Wikipedia "List of missions to Mars".

Articles on the same theme

Positions of Space Probes in 2025 Positions of Space Probes in 2025
Giants of Observation: The Largest Ground-Based Telescopes Giants of Observation: The Largest Ground-Based Telescopes
Low Earth Orbits and Their Uses Low Earth Orbits and their uses
Pioneer, first message to extraterrestrials ! Pioneer, first message to extraterrestrials !
How to see infrared images from JWST? How to see infrared images from JWST?
Sputnik, the Russian companion Sputnik, the Russian companion
Envisat, the eye high-resolution of the Earth Envisat, the eye high-resolution of the Earth
Lagrange points Lagrange points
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Kepler: 4,000 Worlds and More, A New Map of the Sky Kepler: 4,000 Worlds and More, A New Map of the Sky
The Eclipse Seen from Above: What Satellites Reveal About the Hidden Sun The Eclipse Seen from Above: What Satellites Reveal About the Hidden Sun
Why Measure Space at the Nanometer Level? Why Measure Space at the Nanometer Level?
High-risk landing for Curiosity in 2012 High-risk landing for Curiosity in 2012
Cheops Space Telescope: A New Vision on Exoplanets Cheops Space Telescope: A New Vision on Exoplanets
The world of Planck The world of Planck
Rosetta Space Probe: Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko Rosetta Space Probe: Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Satellites that measure underwater relief Satellites that measure underwater relief
Adaptive optics and laser star Adaptive optics and laser star
Flyover of Mercury by MESSENGER Flyover of Mercury by MESSENGER
How GPS Locates Your Position at Any Time? How GPS Locates Your Position at Any Time?
The ISS and Beyond? Towards the End of a Space Chapter The ISS and Beyond? Towards the End of a Space Chapter
Voyager 1 Leaves Us Without Looking Back: The Pale Blue Dot Voyager 1 Leaves Us Without Looking Back: The "Pale Blue Dot"
Space telescopes are the eyes of the Earth Space telescopes are the eyes of the Earth
What is a space probe? What is a space probe?
JWST in the depths of space JWST in the depths of space
The GAIA satellite maps the Milky Way The GAIA satellite maps the Milky Way
How to calculate the synchronous orbit? How to calculate the synchronous orbit?
Modern cathedrals Modern cathedrals
Mercury probes Mercury probes
Space debris are increasing exponentially Space debris are increasing exponentially
Aquarius: A Mission to Map Ocean Salinity Aquarius: A Mission to Map Ocean Salinity
JWST: An Unprecedented Look at the First Lights of the Universe JWST: An Unprecedented Look at the First Lights of the Universe
Meteosat Satellites METEOSAT: A Key Satellite for Climate Monitoring
Curiosity, the first shovel, sample of Martian soil Curiosity, the first shovel, sample of Martian soil
From Mariner to Perseverance: Successes and Failures of Mars Probes From Mariner to Perseverance: Successes and Failures of Mars Probes
Living on the planet Mars Living on the planet Mars
Where is the geostationary orbit? Where is the geostationary orbit?
MOM, the technological demonstration MOM, the technological demonstration
Venus probes Venus probes
What is an interferometer? What is an interferometer?
The Philae Robot and the Rosetta Comet The Philae Robot and the Rosetta Comet
Mauna Kea Under the Stars: The CFHT Telescope in Pursuit of the Universe's Mysteries Mauna Kea Under the Stars: The CFHT Telescope in Pursuit of the Universe's Mysteries

1997 © Astronoo.com − Astronomy, Astrophysics, Evolution and Ecology.
"The data available on this site may be used provided that the source is duly acknowledged."
How Google uses data
Legal mentions
English Sitemap − Full Sitemap
Contact the author