Many people think the seasons are caused by the distance between Earth and the Sun. This is a very common misconception! In reality, the distance only varies by 3% throughout the year, which is not enough to explain the temperature differences between summer and winter.
Our planet is not straight like a pole. It tilts slightly, like a spinning top in balance. It is tilted by about 23.5 degrees relative to the vertical. This tilt, combined with Earth's revolution around the Sun, is the true secret of the seasons.
Imagine Earth as a slightly tilted ball orbiting a giant lamp, the Sun. Depending on where it is in its orbit, the top or bottom of Earth receives more light and heat.
The year is marked by four special moments that signal the start of the astronomical seasons:
| Earth's Position | Season in the Northern Hemisphere | Season in the Southern Hemisphere | Day Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| June Solstice | Summer | Winter | Longest day in the North |
| September Equinox | Autumn | Spring | Equal day and night |
| December Solstice | Winter | Summer | Longest night in the North |
| March Equinox | Spring | Autumn | Equal day and night |
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