fr en es pt
Astronomy
Asteroids and Comets Black Holes Children Chemical Elements Constellations Earth Eclipses Environment Equations Evolution Exoplanets Galaxies Light Matter Moons Nebulas Planets and Dwarf Planets Probes and Telescopes Scientists Stars Sun Universe Volcanoes Zodiac New Articles Shorts Archives Glossary
RSS astronoo
Follow me on X
Follow me on Bluesky
Follow me on Pinterest
English
Français
Español
Português
 


Last updated August 2, 2025

Dwarf Planets: The Forgotten Worlds of the Solar System

Size of dwarf planets compared to Earth

Definition of a Dwarf Planet According to the IAU

According to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a dwarf planet is a celestial body that meets the following conditions: it orbits around the Sun, has sufficient mass for its gravity to overcome rigid body forces, giving it an almost spherical shape (hydrostatic equilibrium), has not cleared its orbit of other debris, and is not a satellite of another planet.

The Forgotten Ones of the Solar System

Dwarf planets occupy a unique place in the hierarchy of celestial bodies. Defined by the International Astronomical Union in 2006, they orbit the Sun, have sufficient mass to have a spherical shape, but have not "cleared" their orbit. This intermediate status between major planets and small bodies makes their classification sometimes contested, as in the emblematic case of Pluto.

Most dwarf planets reside in the Kuiper Belt or beyond (like Eris), but some, like Ceres, are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. They play an essential role in understanding planetary formation and the initial conditions of the solar system. Their composition, often rich in ices, silicates, and organic compounds, makes them valuable targets for space exploration.

Comparative Table of the Main Dwarf Planets

Characteristics of the main dwarf planets in the solar system
NameDiameterAverage Distance from the SunLocationOrbit TypeDiscovery Date
Pluto2,377 km5.91 billion kmKuiper BeltResonant (3:2 with Neptune)1930
Eris2,326 km10.12 billion kmScattered DiscSDO (eccentric & inclined orbit)2005
Gonggong1,230 km10.67 billion kmScattered DiscSDO2007
Makemake1,434 km6.85 billion kmKuiper BeltCold Classical2005
Haumea1,632 × 1,000 km6.45 billion kmKuiper BeltResonant (12:7)2004
Quaoar1,110 km6.43 billion kmKuiper BeltHot Classical2002
2002 MS₄934 km6.41 billion kmKuiper BeltClassical2002
Ceres940 km414 million kmAsteriod BeltStable and circular orbit1801
Sedna995 km13.6 billion kmInner Oort CloudDetached (Detached TNO)2003
Orcus910 km5.87 billion kmKuiper BeltResonant (3:2 with Neptune)2004
Salacia850 km6.48 billion kmKuiper BeltHot Classical2004
Varda740 km6.69 billion kmKuiper BeltClassical2003
Ixion620 km5.91 billion kmKuiper BeltResonant (3:2 with Neptune)2001
Varuna668 km6.41 billion kmKuiper BeltHot Classical2000

Sources: NASA – Dwarf Planets Overview, Minor Planet Center (MPC), International Astronomical Union, JPL Small-Body Database.

N.B.: The Scattered Disc is a dynamic and unstable region of the Solar System located beyond the Kuiper Belt, containing icy bodies scattered on very eccentric and inclined orbits.

The Case of Ceres and the Asteroid Belt

The Case of Ceres

Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt located between Mars and Jupiter. With a diameter of about 940 km, it has sufficient mass and gravity to maintain an almost spherical shape, characteristic of hydrostatic equilibrium. This is why the International Astronomical Union (IAU) officially classified it as a dwarf planet. Its stable position in the asteroid belt and its orbit around the Sun confirm this unique status in this region of the Solar System.

Why Not Other Dwarf Planets in the Asteroid Belt?

The other major bodies of the asteroid belt, such as Vesta, Pallas, or Hygiea, although relatively large, do not yet fully meet the criteria defining a dwarf planet. Their size is smaller and their shape less spherical than that of Ceres, indicating incomplete gravitational equilibrium. Furthermore, these bodies have not yet been officially reclassified by the IAU. Recent advances from space missions, notably the Dawn probe, however, provide precise data that could lead to a future revision of this classification.

Articles on the same theme

Dwarf Planets: The Forgotten Worlds of the Solar System Dwarf Planets: The Forgotten Worlds of the Solar System
Physical Composition of Trans-Neptunian Objects in the Kuiper Belt Physical Composition of Trans-Neptunian Objects in the Kuiper Belt
Haumea and its Moons: A Singularity of the Solar System Haumea and its Moons: A Singularity of the Solar System
The Enigma of the Oort Cloud: Indirect Evidence and Uncertainties The Enigma of the Oort Cloud: Indirect Evidence and Uncertainties
Solar System Ice Line Solar System Ice Line
Sedna, the goddess of the frozen oceans Sedna, the goddess of the frozen oceans
Roche limit Roche limit
Hadean's Hell Hadean's Hell
Quaoar a dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt Quaoar a dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt
The 40 largest objects in the solar system The 40 largest objects in the solar system
Pluto's Satellites: Strange Companions in the Dwarf Planet's Shadow Pluto's Satellites: Strange Companions in the Dwarf Planet's Shadow
Ceres: Boundary Between Asteroid and Dwarf Planet Ceres: Boundary Between Asteroid and Dwarf Planet
Pluto and its Moons: Charon, Nix, Hydra, Styx, and Kerberos Pluto and its Moons: Charon, Nix, Hydra, Styx, and Kerberos
Simulator, the round of near-Earth cruisers Simulator, the round of near-Earth cruisers
Eris, the dwarf planet and its highly inclined orbit Eris, the dwarf planet and its highly inclined orbit

1997 © Astronoo.com − Astronomy, Astrophysics, Evolution and Ecology.
"The data available on this site may be used provided that the source is duly acknowledged."
How Google uses data
Legal mentions
English Sitemap − Full Sitemap
Contact the author